The General’s Revolution: (Mis)encounters between social movements and the Bolivian military government after the 1964 coup
Keywords:
Latin America, social movements, labor unions, Bolivia, Cold WarAbstract
The article aims to investigate the relationship between the Bolivian military government, established after a coup in 1964, and social movement, in special unionized workers in mining and rural areas. The way labor movements in the mining sector have been persecuted contrasts heavily with the support shown by peasant organizations, held by the promise of land redistribution in the rural area. However, the way the military have associated the fulfillment of the agrarian reform to the repression of popular radicalism poses a different perspective from those upheld by the originators of the reform, the government of the 1952 National Revolution. The manner social movements, due to the major role they played on the episode, came to be included in political calculation had resulted on a complex, and continuous, process of negotiation among social identities. Approaching this process as an historical object through a relational outlook, instead of reducing it to the Cold War conjunctural framework, allows us to address the articulations drawn by social actors, regarding the terms on how they may be seen or heard inside the public debate.
References
Alexander, R. (2005). A History of organized labour in Bolivia. Praeger.
Barragán, R. (2010). Legitimidad de la historia o historia de la legitimidad: Releyendo 200 años después la ‘Revolución del 16 de Julio de 1809’ en Bolívia. Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 40(1-2), 73¬–89. https://doi.org/10.16993/ibero.54
Central Obrera Boliviana (COB). (1970). Tesis políticas de la Central Obrera Boliviana. http://www.fundesnap.org/files/3_te- sis_politica_de_la_cob.pdf
Escárzaga, F. (2012). Comunidad indígena y revolución en Bolivia: El pensamento indianista-katarista de Fausto Reinaga y Felipe Quispe. Política y Cultura, (37), 185–210.
García-Pabón, L. (2001). The Clandestine nation: Indigenism and national subjects of Bolivia in the films of Jorge Sanjínes. Jump Cut, (44). http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc44.2001/garcia/garciaforsite.html
Governo da Bolívia. (2018a). “Land to those who work it”. In S. Thomson, R. Barragán, X. Albó, S. Qayum & M. Goodale (eds.), The Bolivia reader: History, culture, politics (pp. 278-286). Duke University Press.
Governo da Bolívia. (2018b). Disentailment and its discontents. In S. Thomson, R. Barragán, X. Albó, S. Qayum & M. Goodale (eds.), The Bolivia reader: History, culture, politics (pp. 184–187). Duke University Press.
Governo da Bolívia. (2018c). The slow and gradual disappearance of the indigenous race. In S. Thomson, R. Barragán, X. Albó, S. Qayum & M. Goodale (eds.), The Bolivia reader: History, culture, politics (pp. 251–256). Duke University Press.
Hashizume, M. (2015). Colonialidades em xeque: Lições a partir da experiência do movimento katarista da Bolívia. The Postocolonialist, 2(2). https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/32965/1/Colonialidades%20em%20xeque%20%e2%80%93%20Li%c3%a7%c3%b5es%20a%20partir%20da%20experi%c3%aancia%20do%20movimento%20katarista%20da%20Bol%c3%advia.pdf
Kohl, J (1978). Peasants and Revolution in Bolivia, April 9, 1952 – August 2, 1953. The Hispanic American Historical Review, 58(2), 238–259. https://doi.org/10.1215/00182168-58.2.238
Lora, G. (1977). A history of the Bolivian labour movement. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511759598
Lucero, J. (2008). Fanon in the Andes: Fausto Reinaga, Indianismo, and the Black Atlantic. International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies, (1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcis.v1i1.19
Marka Tola, S., & Caciques-Apoderados. (2018). The laws of the land. In S. Thomson, R. Barragán, X. Albó, S. Qayum & M. Goodale (eds.), The Bolivia reader: History, culture, politics (pp. 327–330). Duke University Press.
Mink’a, et al. (1986). Primer Manifesto de Tiahuanaco. In J. Hurtado (ed.), El Katarismo. HISBOL.
Pearse, A. (1972). Peasant and revolution: The case of Bolivia. Economy and Society, 1(4), 399–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147200000022
Quisbert, P. (2004). “La glória de la raza”: Historia prehispánica, imaginários y identidades entre 1930 y 1950. Estudios Bolivianos, (12), 177–212.
Rivera C. S. (2003). El mito de la pertenencia de Bolívia al mundo “occidental”: Réquiem para um nacionalismo. Temas Sociales, (24), 64–100.
Rivera C. S. (2010). Oprimidos pero no Vencidos: Luchas del campesinato aymara y qhwechwa 1900–1980. La Mirada Salvaje.
Rivera C. S. (2012). Ch’ixnakax utxiwa: A reflection on the practices and discourses of decolonization. The South Atlantic Quarterly, (111), 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-1472612
Shapiro, M. (2013). Studies in trans-disciplinary methods: After the aesthetic turn. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203101506
Silva, A. (2018). O Pensamento de Fausto Reinaga à luz de Franz Fanon. Revista Sul-Americana de Ciência Política, (4, 2), 269-287.
Soto, C. (1994). Historia del Pacto Militar-Campesino. CERES.
Webber, J. (2011). Red-October: Left-indigenous struggles in modern Bolivia. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004201552.i-376
White, H. (1980). The value of narrativity in the representation of reality. Critical Inquiry, 7(1), 5–27. https://doi.org/10.1086/448086
