Las diásporas de las Antillas hispánicas: una comparación transnacional
Palabras clave:
diáspora, transnacionalismo, migración, fronteras, Antillas hispánicasResumen
Este ensayo aborda el concepto de la diáspora en el contexto del transnacionalismo y el cruce de fronteras. Luego compara las diásporas de las Antillas hispánicas (Cuba, República Dominicana y Puerto Rico), trazando un breve perfil demográfico y describiendo su trascendencia económica para los países emisores. Más adelante, el autor propone que los lazos de los migrantes con sus países de origen dependen sustancialmente de la interacción entre gobiernos emisores y receptores. Sobre todo, se evalúan las repercusiones a largo plazo de la condición jurídica de cu-banos, dominicanos y puertorriqueños en Estados Unidos, así como en Puerto Rico, un destino secundario para emigrados cubanos y dominicanos.
Citas
<ul>
<li>Banco Gubernamental de Fomento para Puerto Rico, (2010), Indicadores económicos mensuales de Puerto Rico – series de tiempo. Transportación y carga, recuperado el 26 de enero de 2010, http://www.gdb-pur.com/spa/economy/pr-monthly-economic-indicators-time-series.html.
<li>Barberia, Lorena, (2004), ―Remittances to Cuba: An Evaluation of Cuban and U.S. Gov-ernment Policy Measures‖ en: Jorge Domínguez, Omar Everleny Pérez Villanueva y Lorena Barberia (ed.), The Cuban Economy at the Start of the Twenty-First Century, Mass. Harvard University Press, Cambridge pp, 353-412.
<li>Basch, Linda; Glick Schiller, Nina y Szanton Blanc, Cristina, (1994), Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States, Sui-za: Gordon and Breach, Basel.
<li>Bendixen and Associates, (2006), The Remittance Process in Brazil and Latin America, re-cuperado el 25 de febrero de 2010, http://www.bendixenandassociates.com/studies/IDB%20-%20Belo%20Horizonte.pdf.
<li>Black, Jan Knippers, (1986), The Dominican Republic: Politics and Development in an Un-sovereign State, Allen & Unwin, Boston.
<li>Brubaker, Rogers, (2005), ―The ‗Diaspora‘ Diaspora‖, Ethnic and Racial Studies, No. 28 (1), pp. 1-19.
<li>Burnett Duffy, Christina y Marshall, Burke, (ed.), (2001), Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, American Expansion, and the Constitution, Duke University Press, Durham, N.C.
<li>Central Intelligence Agency, (2009), The World Factbook, recuperado el 8 de septiembre de 2009, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook.
<li>Clegg, Peter; Pantojas-García, Emilio (ed.), (2009), Governance in the Non-Independent Caribbean: Challenges and Opportunities in the Twenty-First Century, Ian Randle, Kongs-ton.
<li>Clifford, James, (1994), ―Diasporas‖, Cultural Anthropology 9 (3), pp. 302-338.
<li>Cohen, Robin, (1997), Global Diasporas: An Introduction, University of Washington Press, Seattle.
<li>Crespo-Soto, Ramón, (2009), Mainland Passage: The Cultural Anomaly of Puerto Rico, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. de Jong, Lammert; Krujit, Dirk, (ed.). (2005), Extended Statehood in the Caribbean: Para-doxes of Quasi Colonialism, Local Autonomy and Extended Statehood in the USA, French, Dutch and British Caribbean, Rozenberg Publishers, Amsterdam.
<li>DeSipio, Louis; Pachón, Harry; de la Garza, Rodolfo; Leem, Jongho, (2003), Immigrant Politics at Home and Abroad: How Latino Immigrants Engage the Politics of Their Home Communities and the United States, Claremont, Calif., Tomás Rivera Policy Institute, recupe-rado el 19 de noviembre de 2009, http://www.trpi.org/PDFs/Immigrant_politics.pdf. —, y Pantoja, Adrián, (2004), Puerto Rican Exceptionalism? A Comparative Analy-sis of Puerto Rican, Mexican, Salvadoran, and Dominican Transnational Civic and Political Ties, recuperado el 6 de septiembre de 2009, www.perg.tamu.edu/lpc/DeSipio&Pantoja.pdf.
<li>Donnan, Hastings; Wilson, Thomas M., (1999), Borders: Frontiers of Identity, Nation and State, Nueva York, Berg.
<li>Duany, Jorge, (2002), The Puerto Rican Nation on the Move: Identities on the Island and in the United States, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press.
<li>Eckstein, Susan, (2009), The Immigrant Divide: How Cuban Americans Changed the U.S. and Their Homeland, Routledge, Nueva York.
<li>Erman, Sam, (2008), Meanings of Citizenship in the U.S. Empire: Puerto Rico, Isabel Gon-zalez, and the Supreme Court, 1898 to 1905, Journal of American Ethnic History 27 (4), pp. 5-33.
<li>Flores, Juan, (1993), Divided Borders: Essays on Puerto Rican Identity, Arte Público Press, Houston. —, (2008), The Diaspora Strikes Back: “Caribeño” Tales of Learning and Turning, Routledge, New York.
<li>Fouron, Georges; Glick Schiller, Nina, (2001), Georges Woke Up Laughing: Long-Distance Nationalism and the Search for Home, Duke University Press, Durham, N.C.
<li>Glick Schiller, Nina; Basch Linda; Szanton-Blanc, Cristina (ed.), (1992), Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity, and Nationalism Reconsi-dered, New York Academy of Sciences, Nueva York.
<li>Grenier, Guillermo J.; Pérez, Lisandro, (2003), The Legacy of Exile: Cubans in the United States, Allyn and Bacon, Boston.
<li>Inter-American Development Bank, (2010), Remittances to Latin America and the Carib-bean 2009 (US$ Millions), recuperado el 18 de abril de 2010. http://www.iadb.org/mif/reme-sas_map.cfm?language=English&parid=5.
<li>Itzigsohn, José; Dore-Cabral, Carlos; Hernández Medina Esther; Vázquez, Obed, (1999), ―Mapping Dominican Transnationalism: Narrow and Broad Transnational Practices‖, Ethnic and Racial Studies, No. 22 (2), pp. 316-339.
<li>Junta de Planificación de Puerto Rico, (1970-2000), Estadísticas socioeconómicas, Junta de Planificación de Puerto Rico, San Juan. —, (2001), Movimiento de pasajeros entre Puerto Rico y el exterior: Años fiscales 1990–2000, manuscrito inédito, Programa de Planificación Económica y Social, Negociado de Análisis Económico, Junta de Planificación de Puerto Rico. —, (2001-2010), Apéndice estadístico, recuperado el 18 de abril de 2010. http://www.jp.gobierno.pr.
<li>Kearney, Michael, (1991), ―Borders and Boundaries of State and Self at the End of Empire‖.
<li>Journal of Historical Sociology, No. 4 (1), pp. 52-74.
<li>Larson, Eric M.; Sullivan, Teresa A., (1989), ―Cifras convencionales en las investigaciones sobre migración: El caso de los ‗dominicanos desaparecidos‘‖, en: Eugenia Georges, Eric M.
<li>Larson, Sara J. Mahler, Christopher Mitchell, Patricia Pessar, Teresa A. Sullivan y Robert Warren, Dominicanos ausentes: Cifras, políticas, condiciones sociales, Fundación Friedrich Ebert/Fondo para el Avance de las Ciencias Sociales, Santo Domingo, pp. 67-114.
<li>Levitt, Peggy, (2001), The Transnational Villagers, University of California Press, Berkeley. —, (2005), Transnational Ties and Incorporation: Dominicans in the United States‖, en: David G. Gutiérrez (ed.), The Columbia History of Latinos in the United States since 1960, Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 187-228. —, de la Dehesa, Rafael, (2003), Transnational Migration and the Redefinition of the State: Variations and Explanations. Ethnic and Racial Studies 26 (4), p. 587-611. —, Glick Schiller, Nina, (2004), ―Conceptualizing Simultaneity: A Transnational So-cial Field Perspective on Society‖, International Migration Review, No. 38 (3), pp. 102-139.
<li>Migration News, (1998), Cuba/Caribbean: Immigration, Remittances, Vol. 5, No. 1 (enero), recuperado el 9 de septiembre de 2008. migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=1425_0_2_0. —, (2009), Remittances, recuperado el 6 de septiembre de 2009. http://migration.-ucdavis.edu/mn/data/remittances/remittances.html.
<li>Oficina Nacional de Estadística, República Dominicana, (2009), ―Remesas internacionales que reciben los hogares en República Dominicana‖, Panorama estadístico 2 (20), recuperado el 10 de febrero de 2010, http://www.one.gob.do/index.php?module=articles&function=-view&ptid=12.
<li>Orozco, Manuel, (2002), Remittances, Costs, and Market Competition, recuperado el 7 de septiembre de 2009, http://www.thedialogue.org/publications/country_studies/remittances/Re-mittancesCFRB.pdf. —, (2009), The Cuban Condition: Migration, Remittances, and Its Diaspora, recupe-rado el 10 de septiembre de 2009, http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/cuban%20-condition%20migration%20remittances_FINAL.pdf. —, Lowell, B. Lindsay; Bump Micah; Fedewa, Rachel, (2005), Transnational En-gagement, Remittances, and Their Relationship to Development in Latin America and the Ca-ribbean, Institute for the Study of International Migration, Georgetown University, Washing-ton, D.C., recuperado el 11 de abril de 2006, http://www.thedialogue.org/publications/2005/-summer/trans_engagement.pdf.
<li>Pérez, Louis Jr., (1999), On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. —, (2006 [1988]), Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution, Oxford University Press, Nueva York.
<li>Real Academia Española, (2010), Diccionario de la lengua española. Recuperado el 24 de febrero de 2010. http://www.rae.es/rae.html.
<li>Rodríguez, Clara E., (1989), Puerto Ricans: Born in the U.S.A, Unwin Hyman, Boston.
<li>Rosaldo, Renato, (1989), Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis, Beacon, Bos-ton.
<li>Sagás, Ernesto; Molina, Sintia E. (ed.), (2004), Dominican Migration: Transnational Pers-pectives, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
<li>Saldívar, José David, (1997), Border Matters: Remapping American Cultural Studies, Uni-versity of California Press, Berkeley.
<li>Senior, Clarence, (1947), Puerto Rican Emigration, Social Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras.
<li>Spadoni, Paolo, (2004), ―U.S. Financial Flows in the Cuban Economy‖, Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 14, pp. 81-117.
<li>Tölölyan, Khachig, (1991), ―The Nation-State and Its Others: In Lieu of a Preface‖, Diaspo-ra, Vol. 1 (1), pp. 3-7.
<li>United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, (2009), Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2008 Revision, United Nations Database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2008, recuperado el 26 de febrero de 2010, http://esa.un.org/migra-tion/p2k0data.asp.
<li>U.S. Bureau of Statistics, (1868–92), Annual Report on the Commerce and Navigation of the United States, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
<li>U.S. Census Bureau, (1933-50), Statistical Abstract of the United States, Government Print-ing Office, Washington, D.C. —, (2009), American Factfinder, recuperado el 29 de septiembre de 2009. http://fact-finder.census.gov.
<li>U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, (2002-2009), Yearbook of Immigration Statis-tics, recuperado el 18 de abril de 2010. http://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/year-book.shtm.
<li>U.S. Commissioner-General of Immigration, (1900-32), Annual Report of the Commission-er-General of Immigration, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
<li>U.S. Department of Justice, (1942-77), Annual Report of the Immigration and Naturaliza-tion Service, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. —, (1978–95), Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. —, (1996–2001), Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, recuperado el 9 de septiembre de 2009, http://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/-archive.shtm.
<li>Vázquez Calzada, José L., (1979), ―Demographic Aspects of Migration‖, en: Labor Migra-tion under Capitalism: The Puerto Rican Experience, ed. History Task Force, Centro de Estu-dios Puertorriqueños, Monthly Review Press, New York, pp. 223-238.
<li>Vertovec, Steven, (2009), Transnationalism, Routledge, New York.
<li>Waldinger, Roger, (2007), Between Here and There: How Attached Are Latino Immigrants to Their Home Countries?, Pew Hispanic Center, Washington, D.C., recuperado el 15 de mayo de 2008, http://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=80.
<li>—, y Fitzgerald, David, (2004), ―Transnationalism in Question‖, American Journal of Sociology, No. 109 (5), pp. 1177-1195.
</ul>
<li>Banco Gubernamental de Fomento para Puerto Rico, (2010), Indicadores económicos mensuales de Puerto Rico – series de tiempo. Transportación y carga, recuperado el 26 de enero de 2010, http://www.gdb-pur.com/spa/economy/pr-monthly-economic-indicators-time-series.html.
<li>Barberia, Lorena, (2004), ―Remittances to Cuba: An Evaluation of Cuban and U.S. Gov-ernment Policy Measures‖ en: Jorge Domínguez, Omar Everleny Pérez Villanueva y Lorena Barberia (ed.), The Cuban Economy at the Start of the Twenty-First Century, Mass. Harvard University Press, Cambridge pp, 353-412.
<li>Basch, Linda; Glick Schiller, Nina y Szanton Blanc, Cristina, (1994), Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States, Sui-za: Gordon and Breach, Basel.
<li>Bendixen and Associates, (2006), The Remittance Process in Brazil and Latin America, re-cuperado el 25 de febrero de 2010, http://www.bendixenandassociates.com/studies/IDB%20-%20Belo%20Horizonte.pdf.
<li>Black, Jan Knippers, (1986), The Dominican Republic: Politics and Development in an Un-sovereign State, Allen & Unwin, Boston.
<li>Brubaker, Rogers, (2005), ―The ‗Diaspora‘ Diaspora‖, Ethnic and Racial Studies, No. 28 (1), pp. 1-19.
<li>Burnett Duffy, Christina y Marshall, Burke, (ed.), (2001), Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, American Expansion, and the Constitution, Duke University Press, Durham, N.C.
<li>Central Intelligence Agency, (2009), The World Factbook, recuperado el 8 de septiembre de 2009, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook.
<li>Clegg, Peter; Pantojas-García, Emilio (ed.), (2009), Governance in the Non-Independent Caribbean: Challenges and Opportunities in the Twenty-First Century, Ian Randle, Kongs-ton.
<li>Clifford, James, (1994), ―Diasporas‖, Cultural Anthropology 9 (3), pp. 302-338.
<li>Cohen, Robin, (1997), Global Diasporas: An Introduction, University of Washington Press, Seattle.
<li>Crespo-Soto, Ramón, (2009), Mainland Passage: The Cultural Anomaly of Puerto Rico, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. de Jong, Lammert; Krujit, Dirk, (ed.). (2005), Extended Statehood in the Caribbean: Para-doxes of Quasi Colonialism, Local Autonomy and Extended Statehood in the USA, French, Dutch and British Caribbean, Rozenberg Publishers, Amsterdam.
<li>DeSipio, Louis; Pachón, Harry; de la Garza, Rodolfo; Leem, Jongho, (2003), Immigrant Politics at Home and Abroad: How Latino Immigrants Engage the Politics of Their Home Communities and the United States, Claremont, Calif., Tomás Rivera Policy Institute, recupe-rado el 19 de noviembre de 2009, http://www.trpi.org/PDFs/Immigrant_politics.pdf. —, y Pantoja, Adrián, (2004), Puerto Rican Exceptionalism? A Comparative Analy-sis of Puerto Rican, Mexican, Salvadoran, and Dominican Transnational Civic and Political Ties, recuperado el 6 de septiembre de 2009, www.perg.tamu.edu/lpc/DeSipio&Pantoja.pdf.
<li>Donnan, Hastings; Wilson, Thomas M., (1999), Borders: Frontiers of Identity, Nation and State, Nueva York, Berg.
<li>Duany, Jorge, (2002), The Puerto Rican Nation on the Move: Identities on the Island and in the United States, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press.
<li>Eckstein, Susan, (2009), The Immigrant Divide: How Cuban Americans Changed the U.S. and Their Homeland, Routledge, Nueva York.
<li>Erman, Sam, (2008), Meanings of Citizenship in the U.S. Empire: Puerto Rico, Isabel Gon-zalez, and the Supreme Court, 1898 to 1905, Journal of American Ethnic History 27 (4), pp. 5-33.
<li>Flores, Juan, (1993), Divided Borders: Essays on Puerto Rican Identity, Arte Público Press, Houston. —, (2008), The Diaspora Strikes Back: “Caribeño” Tales of Learning and Turning, Routledge, New York.
<li>Fouron, Georges; Glick Schiller, Nina, (2001), Georges Woke Up Laughing: Long-Distance Nationalism and the Search for Home, Duke University Press, Durham, N.C.
<li>Glick Schiller, Nina; Basch Linda; Szanton-Blanc, Cristina (ed.), (1992), Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity, and Nationalism Reconsi-dered, New York Academy of Sciences, Nueva York.
<li>Grenier, Guillermo J.; Pérez, Lisandro, (2003), The Legacy of Exile: Cubans in the United States, Allyn and Bacon, Boston.
<li>Inter-American Development Bank, (2010), Remittances to Latin America and the Carib-bean 2009 (US$ Millions), recuperado el 18 de abril de 2010. http://www.iadb.org/mif/reme-sas_map.cfm?language=English&parid=5.
<li>Itzigsohn, José; Dore-Cabral, Carlos; Hernández Medina Esther; Vázquez, Obed, (1999), ―Mapping Dominican Transnationalism: Narrow and Broad Transnational Practices‖, Ethnic and Racial Studies, No. 22 (2), pp. 316-339.
<li>Junta de Planificación de Puerto Rico, (1970-2000), Estadísticas socioeconómicas, Junta de Planificación de Puerto Rico, San Juan. —, (2001), Movimiento de pasajeros entre Puerto Rico y el exterior: Años fiscales 1990–2000, manuscrito inédito, Programa de Planificación Económica y Social, Negociado de Análisis Económico, Junta de Planificación de Puerto Rico. —, (2001-2010), Apéndice estadístico, recuperado el 18 de abril de 2010. http://www.jp.gobierno.pr.
<li>Kearney, Michael, (1991), ―Borders and Boundaries of State and Self at the End of Empire‖.
<li>Journal of Historical Sociology, No. 4 (1), pp. 52-74.
<li>Larson, Eric M.; Sullivan, Teresa A., (1989), ―Cifras convencionales en las investigaciones sobre migración: El caso de los ‗dominicanos desaparecidos‘‖, en: Eugenia Georges, Eric M.
<li>Larson, Sara J. Mahler, Christopher Mitchell, Patricia Pessar, Teresa A. Sullivan y Robert Warren, Dominicanos ausentes: Cifras, políticas, condiciones sociales, Fundación Friedrich Ebert/Fondo para el Avance de las Ciencias Sociales, Santo Domingo, pp. 67-114.
<li>Levitt, Peggy, (2001), The Transnational Villagers, University of California Press, Berkeley. —, (2005), Transnational Ties and Incorporation: Dominicans in the United States‖, en: David G. Gutiérrez (ed.), The Columbia History of Latinos in the United States since 1960, Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 187-228. —, de la Dehesa, Rafael, (2003), Transnational Migration and the Redefinition of the State: Variations and Explanations. Ethnic and Racial Studies 26 (4), p. 587-611. —, Glick Schiller, Nina, (2004), ―Conceptualizing Simultaneity: A Transnational So-cial Field Perspective on Society‖, International Migration Review, No. 38 (3), pp. 102-139.
<li>Migration News, (1998), Cuba/Caribbean: Immigration, Remittances, Vol. 5, No. 1 (enero), recuperado el 9 de septiembre de 2008. migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=1425_0_2_0. —, (2009), Remittances, recuperado el 6 de septiembre de 2009. http://migration.-ucdavis.edu/mn/data/remittances/remittances.html.
<li>Oficina Nacional de Estadística, República Dominicana, (2009), ―Remesas internacionales que reciben los hogares en República Dominicana‖, Panorama estadístico 2 (20), recuperado el 10 de febrero de 2010, http://www.one.gob.do/index.php?module=articles&function=-view&ptid=12.
<li>Orozco, Manuel, (2002), Remittances, Costs, and Market Competition, recuperado el 7 de septiembre de 2009, http://www.thedialogue.org/publications/country_studies/remittances/Re-mittancesCFRB.pdf. —, (2009), The Cuban Condition: Migration, Remittances, and Its Diaspora, recupe-rado el 10 de septiembre de 2009, http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/cuban%20-condition%20migration%20remittances_FINAL.pdf. —, Lowell, B. Lindsay; Bump Micah; Fedewa, Rachel, (2005), Transnational En-gagement, Remittances, and Their Relationship to Development in Latin America and the Ca-ribbean, Institute for the Study of International Migration, Georgetown University, Washing-ton, D.C., recuperado el 11 de abril de 2006, http://www.thedialogue.org/publications/2005/-summer/trans_engagement.pdf.
<li>Pérez, Louis Jr., (1999), On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. —, (2006 [1988]), Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution, Oxford University Press, Nueva York.
<li>Real Academia Española, (2010), Diccionario de la lengua española. Recuperado el 24 de febrero de 2010. http://www.rae.es/rae.html.
<li>Rodríguez, Clara E., (1989), Puerto Ricans: Born in the U.S.A, Unwin Hyman, Boston.
<li>Rosaldo, Renato, (1989), Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis, Beacon, Bos-ton.
<li>Sagás, Ernesto; Molina, Sintia E. (ed.), (2004), Dominican Migration: Transnational Pers-pectives, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
<li>Saldívar, José David, (1997), Border Matters: Remapping American Cultural Studies, Uni-versity of California Press, Berkeley.
<li>Senior, Clarence, (1947), Puerto Rican Emigration, Social Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras.
<li>Spadoni, Paolo, (2004), ―U.S. Financial Flows in the Cuban Economy‖, Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 14, pp. 81-117.
<li>Tölölyan, Khachig, (1991), ―The Nation-State and Its Others: In Lieu of a Preface‖, Diaspo-ra, Vol. 1 (1), pp. 3-7.
<li>United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, (2009), Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2008 Revision, United Nations Database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2008, recuperado el 26 de febrero de 2010, http://esa.un.org/migra-tion/p2k0data.asp.
<li>U.S. Bureau of Statistics, (1868–92), Annual Report on the Commerce and Navigation of the United States, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
<li>U.S. Census Bureau, (1933-50), Statistical Abstract of the United States, Government Print-ing Office, Washington, D.C. —, (2009), American Factfinder, recuperado el 29 de septiembre de 2009. http://fact-finder.census.gov.
<li>U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, (2002-2009), Yearbook of Immigration Statis-tics, recuperado el 18 de abril de 2010. http://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/year-book.shtm.
<li>U.S. Commissioner-General of Immigration, (1900-32), Annual Report of the Commission-er-General of Immigration, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
<li>U.S. Department of Justice, (1942-77), Annual Report of the Immigration and Naturaliza-tion Service, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. —, (1978–95), Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. —, (1996–2001), Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, recuperado el 9 de septiembre de 2009, http://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/-archive.shtm.
<li>Vázquez Calzada, José L., (1979), ―Demographic Aspects of Migration‖, en: Labor Migra-tion under Capitalism: The Puerto Rican Experience, ed. History Task Force, Centro de Estu-dios Puertorriqueños, Monthly Review Press, New York, pp. 223-238.
<li>Vertovec, Steven, (2009), Transnationalism, Routledge, New York.
<li>Waldinger, Roger, (2007), Between Here and There: How Attached Are Latino Immigrants to Their Home Countries?, Pew Hispanic Center, Washington, D.C., recuperado el 15 de mayo de 2008, http://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=80.
<li>—, y Fitzgerald, David, (2004), ―Transnationalism in Question‖, American Journal of Sociology, No. 109 (5), pp. 1177-1195.
</ul>
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2010-12-13
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