Art, Culture and Innovations: A Shift in Urban Engineering? Public Policies in Bogota and Medellin and the Development of Local Communities
Palavras-chave:
art, urban culture, creativity, innovations, community development, Bogota, MedellinResumo
The article is a part of a broader discussion about municipal development strategies based on culture and innovativeness. It analyzes the potential and constraints of the approach, indicating conditions favorable for its effectiveness. To exploit the phenomena the author uses the examples of two Colombian cities, Bogota and Medellin. Over last two decades they have been an area of huge transformation. Thanks to adapted policies, it was possible to convert their image from brutal gang-war zones to vibrating metropolis aiming at peaceful social coexistence and infrastructural investments. The chosen cases serve as a background of synthetic description of developmental strategies based on culture and innovativeness. The analysis presents factors that are advantageous for their successful implementation. It also offers several points of critics, outlining some practical, social and institutional challenges that cities willing to adapt similar solutions may come across with.
Referências
<ul>
<li>Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá (2005), Políticas Culturales Distritales 2004-2016, Instituto Dis-trital de Cultura y Turismo, Segunda edición revisada diciembre de 2005.
<li>Bianchini, Franco (1993), “Remaking European Cities: The Role of Cultural Policies”, in: F. Bianchini, M. Parkinson (eds.), Cultural Policy and Urban Regeneration: the West European Experience, Manchester University Press, Manchester, pp. 1-19.
<li>Bianchini, Franco, Parkinson, Michael (eds.) (1993), Cultural Policy and Urban Regenera-tion: The West European Experience, Manchester University Press, Manchester.
<li>Bianchini, Franco, Landry, Charles (1995), The Creative City, Demos.
<li>Caballero, María Cristina (2007), “Academic Turns City into a Social Experiment”, Harvard Gazzette, http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2004/03.11/01-mockus.html (ac-cessed: 08.11.2016).
<li>Castro, Raúl (2010), “Retos de política pública en las industrias culturales y creativas de Co-lombia”, in: EGOB, Revista de Asuntos Públicos, No. 3, Diciembre 2010.
<li>Clifford, James (1998), On Collecting Art and Culture, the Predicament of Culture: Twentieth Century Ethnography, Literature and Art, Harvard University Press, London.
<li>Corredor Martínez, Consuelo (2007), Bogotá sin indiferencia. Colombia responsable. Empre-sa, Estado y desarrollo social, Secretaria de Desarrollo Económico, Alcaldía de Bogotá.
<li>Dundjerovic, Aleksandar, Navarro Bateman, Ilva (2006), Antanas Mockus’s Theatre for So-cial Change: Creating Civic Culture in Bogotá, Colombia, Research Paper Series, No. 28, The University of Liverpool Management School.
<li>Florida, Richard (2002), The Rise of the Creative Class, and How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life, Basic Books, New York.
<li>Imberton Hidalgo, Santiago (2010), El fenómeno Mockus. Retrieved from: http://mediolleno.-com.sv/mediolleno_v4/opinion/1062/el-fenomeno-mockus (accessed: 8.10.2014).
<li>Landry, Charles (2000), The Creative City: A Toolkit For Urban Innovators, Earthscan, Lon-don.
<li>Landry, Charles (2006), The Art of City-Making, Earthscan, London.
<li>López Obregón, Clara (2008), Convivencia y seguridad ciudadana en Bogotá, Alcaldía Ma-yor de Bogotá. www.cocejocomovamos.org/concejocv/archivos/Presenta-cion_Seguridad_Ciudadana.pdf (accessed: 8.10.2014).
<li>Majewski, Tomasz (2011), Kultura dobrej przestrzeni albo sztuka (prze)trwania miasta, http://www.kongres-kultury.pl/arttag-partycypacja/art-tomasz_majewski_kultura_-dobrej_przestrzeni_albo_sztuka_przetrwania_miasta.html (accessed: 8.10.2014).
<li>Merin, Caroline, Nikolov, Alexander, Vidler, Andrea (2013), Local Government Handbook: How to Create an Innovative City, http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/lo-cal-government-handbook-create-innovative-city (accessed: 8.10.2014).
<li>Mockus, Antanas (1998), “Cultura, ciudad y política”, in: Campos, Y., Ortiz, I. (eds.) La ciu-dad observada. Violencia, cultura y política, Observatorio de Cultura Urbana.
<li>Tercer Mundo Ed., Bogotá.
<li>Montgomery, John (2012), “Upwave Cities, Creative Cities: The Case of London”, in: Flew, Terry (ed.) Creative Industries and Urban Development: Creative Cities in the 21st Century. Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group), London, pp. 36-42.
<li>Myerscough, John (1988), The Economic Importance of the Arts in Britain, Policy Studies In-stitute, University of Virginia.
<li>Negrón, Marco (2004), Nuestra estrategia fue cambiar primero la mentalidad y luego la in-fraestructura. Antanas Mockus: ex-alcalde de Bogotá, http://www.planum.-net/topics/main/m-caudo-mockus.html (accessed: 8.10.2014).
<li>Quesada, Carlos (2004), Bogotá at Your Service, http://www.iadb.org/idbamerica/index.cfm?-thisid=2929 (accessed: 8.10.2104).
<li>Sanguinetti, Inés (2010), El arte, la cultura y el desarrollo equitativo en Latinoamérica, VII Campus de Cooperación Cultural.
<li>Sen, Amartya (1999), Development as Freedom, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
<li>Sharp, Joanne, Pollock, Venda, Paddison, Ronan (2005), “Just Art for a Just City: Public Art and Social Inclusion in Urban Regeneration”, Urban Studies, Vol. 42, pp. 5-6.
<li>Torres, Andrea, Sarmiento, Olga L., Stauber, Christine, Zarama, Roberto (2013), “The Ciclo-via and Cicloruta Programs: Promising Interventions to Promote Physical Activity and Social Capital in Bogotá, Colombia”, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 103, No. 2, February 2013, pp. e23-e30.
<li>UNCTAD, DITC (2008), Creative Economy Report – 2008: The Challenge of Assessing the Creative Economy Towards Informed Policy-making, UNCTAD/DITC/2008/2.
<li>Zerka, Paweł (2013), Nowe Miasto Medellin, http://magazynkontakt.pl/nowe-miasto-medellin.html (accessed: 8.10.2014).
</ul>
<li>Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá (2005), Políticas Culturales Distritales 2004-2016, Instituto Dis-trital de Cultura y Turismo, Segunda edición revisada diciembre de 2005.
<li>Bianchini, Franco (1993), “Remaking European Cities: The Role of Cultural Policies”, in: F. Bianchini, M. Parkinson (eds.), Cultural Policy and Urban Regeneration: the West European Experience, Manchester University Press, Manchester, pp. 1-19.
<li>Bianchini, Franco, Parkinson, Michael (eds.) (1993), Cultural Policy and Urban Regenera-tion: The West European Experience, Manchester University Press, Manchester.
<li>Bianchini, Franco, Landry, Charles (1995), The Creative City, Demos.
<li>Caballero, María Cristina (2007), “Academic Turns City into a Social Experiment”, Harvard Gazzette, http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2004/03.11/01-mockus.html (ac-cessed: 08.11.2016).
<li>Castro, Raúl (2010), “Retos de política pública en las industrias culturales y creativas de Co-lombia”, in: EGOB, Revista de Asuntos Públicos, No. 3, Diciembre 2010.
<li>Clifford, James (1998), On Collecting Art and Culture, the Predicament of Culture: Twentieth Century Ethnography, Literature and Art, Harvard University Press, London.
<li>Corredor Martínez, Consuelo (2007), Bogotá sin indiferencia. Colombia responsable. Empre-sa, Estado y desarrollo social, Secretaria de Desarrollo Económico, Alcaldía de Bogotá.
<li>Dundjerovic, Aleksandar, Navarro Bateman, Ilva (2006), Antanas Mockus’s Theatre for So-cial Change: Creating Civic Culture in Bogotá, Colombia, Research Paper Series, No. 28, The University of Liverpool Management School.
<li>Florida, Richard (2002), The Rise of the Creative Class, and How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life, Basic Books, New York.
<li>Imberton Hidalgo, Santiago (2010), El fenómeno Mockus. Retrieved from: http://mediolleno.-com.sv/mediolleno_v4/opinion/1062/el-fenomeno-mockus (accessed: 8.10.2014).
<li>Landry, Charles (2000), The Creative City: A Toolkit For Urban Innovators, Earthscan, Lon-don.
<li>Landry, Charles (2006), The Art of City-Making, Earthscan, London.
<li>López Obregón, Clara (2008), Convivencia y seguridad ciudadana en Bogotá, Alcaldía Ma-yor de Bogotá. www.cocejocomovamos.org/concejocv/archivos/Presenta-cion_Seguridad_Ciudadana.pdf (accessed: 8.10.2014).
<li>Majewski, Tomasz (2011), Kultura dobrej przestrzeni albo sztuka (prze)trwania miasta, http://www.kongres-kultury.pl/arttag-partycypacja/art-tomasz_majewski_kultura_-dobrej_przestrzeni_albo_sztuka_przetrwania_miasta.html (accessed: 8.10.2014).
<li>Merin, Caroline, Nikolov, Alexander, Vidler, Andrea (2013), Local Government Handbook: How to Create an Innovative City, http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/lo-cal-government-handbook-create-innovative-city (accessed: 8.10.2014).
<li>Mockus, Antanas (1998), “Cultura, ciudad y política”, in: Campos, Y., Ortiz, I. (eds.) La ciu-dad observada. Violencia, cultura y política, Observatorio de Cultura Urbana.
<li>Tercer Mundo Ed., Bogotá.
<li>Montgomery, John (2012), “Upwave Cities, Creative Cities: The Case of London”, in: Flew, Terry (ed.) Creative Industries and Urban Development: Creative Cities in the 21st Century. Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group), London, pp. 36-42.
<li>Myerscough, John (1988), The Economic Importance of the Arts in Britain, Policy Studies In-stitute, University of Virginia.
<li>Negrón, Marco (2004), Nuestra estrategia fue cambiar primero la mentalidad y luego la in-fraestructura. Antanas Mockus: ex-alcalde de Bogotá, http://www.planum.-net/topics/main/m-caudo-mockus.html (accessed: 8.10.2014).
<li>Quesada, Carlos (2004), Bogotá at Your Service, http://www.iadb.org/idbamerica/index.cfm?-thisid=2929 (accessed: 8.10.2104).
<li>Sanguinetti, Inés (2010), El arte, la cultura y el desarrollo equitativo en Latinoamérica, VII Campus de Cooperación Cultural.
<li>Sen, Amartya (1999), Development as Freedom, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
<li>Sharp, Joanne, Pollock, Venda, Paddison, Ronan (2005), “Just Art for a Just City: Public Art and Social Inclusion in Urban Regeneration”, Urban Studies, Vol. 42, pp. 5-6.
<li>Torres, Andrea, Sarmiento, Olga L., Stauber, Christine, Zarama, Roberto (2013), “The Ciclo-via and Cicloruta Programs: Promising Interventions to Promote Physical Activity and Social Capital in Bogotá, Colombia”, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 103, No. 2, February 2013, pp. e23-e30.
<li>UNCTAD, DITC (2008), Creative Economy Report – 2008: The Challenge of Assessing the Creative Economy Towards Informed Policy-making, UNCTAD/DITC/2008/2.
<li>Zerka, Paweł (2013), Nowe Miasto Medellin, http://magazynkontakt.pl/nowe-miasto-medellin.html (accessed: 8.10.2014).
</ul>
