El regionalismo abierto y su renovación teórica: una agenda analítica
Palavras-chave:
regionalismo abierto, integración latinoamericana, multilateralismo, regionalismos comparados, zonas de libre comercioResumo
El regionalismo abierto, el enfoque integracionista en boga desde hace dos décadas en América Latina, muestra una serie de características clave que se destacan del viejo regionalismo y enmarcan los elementos de análisis de la agenda de su necesaria renovación. Para su definición, se propone el estudio de la estrategia empleando cinco variables distintas: las nociones centrales, compatibilidad con la OMC, la preeminencia de las zonas de libre comercio, el nivel de institucionalización y la integración concéntrica.
Referências
<ul>
<li>Bachellerie, A., J. Hericourt; V. Mignon (2010), “L’intégration commerciale est-elle une con-dition préalable à l’intégration financière?”, Revue économique, Vol. 61, No. 3, pp. 477-487.
<li>Baier, S. L., J. H. Bergstrand; P. Egger (2007), “El nuevo regionalismo: causas y consecuen-cias”, Integración y Comercio, BID-INTAL, No. 26, pp. 9-32.
<li>Balassa, B. (1961), The Theory of Economic Integration, Richard D. Irwin, Illinois.
<li>Ben-David, D. (1993), “Equalizing Exchange: Trade Liberalization and Economic Conver-gence”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 3, No. 108, pp. 653-679.
<li>Bergsten, C. F. (1997), “Open Regionalism”, The World Economy, Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 545-565.
<li>Bhagwati, J. (1993), “Regionalism and Multilateralism: An Overview”, en: J. Melo; A. Pa-nagariya (ed.) New Dimensions in Regional Integration, Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 82-87.
<li>Bulmer-Thomas, V. (1998), “The Central American Common Market: From Closed to Open Regionalism”, World Development, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 313-322.
<li>Carlo, J.; W. Perroni (1996), “How Severe is Global Retaliation Risk Under Increasing Re-gionalism?”, The American Economic Review, mayo, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 57-61.
<li>Carranza, M. E. (2000), South American Free Trade Area or Free Trade of the Americas? Open Regionalism and the Future of Regional Economic Integration in South Ame-rica, Ashgate, Aldershot.
<li>CEPAL (1994), El regionalismo abierto en América Latina y el Caribe. La integración eco-nómica al servicio de la transformación productiva con equidad (LC/G.1801-SES.25/4), Santiago de Chile.
<li>CEPAL (2011), United States Trade Developments 2010-2011, Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (LC/WAS/L.118), diciembre, Washington D. C.
<li>Chen, M. X.; A. Mattoo (2008), “Regionalism in Standards: Good or Bad for Trade?”, The Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue canadienne d’Économie, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 838-863.
<li>De la Reza, G. (2010), Les nouveaux défis de l’intégration en Amérique latine, Recherches Amériques Latines, L’Harmattan, Paris.
<li>Dembicz, A. (1994), “Estudios latinoamericanos hacia el 2000, ¿amenazas?, desafíos, expec-tativas”, Actas Latinoamericanas de Varsovia, t. 16, Warszawa, pp. 9-20.
<li>Destradi, S. (2010), “Regional Powers and Their Strategies: Empire, Hegemony, and Leader-ship”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 903-930.
<li>Devlin, R.; A. Estevadeordal (2001), “What’s New in the New Regionalism in the Ameri-cas?”, Working Paper 6, INTAL-ITD-STA, Buenos Aires.
<li>Ethier, W. J. (2001), “The New Regionalism in the Americas: A Theoretical Framework”, North American Journal of Economics and Finance, No. 12, pp. 159-172.
<li>Fawn, R. (2009), Globalizing the Regional: Regionalizing the Global, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
<li>Frankel, J. A.; S. Wei (1998), “Open Regionalism in a World of Continental Blocs”, Working Paper, Fondo Monetario Internacional, WP/98/10.
<li>Freud, C. L. (1998), “Regionalism and Permanent Diversion”, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, International Finance Discussion Papers, No. 602.
<li>Fuentes, J. A. (1996), “¿Del bilateralismo al regionalismo abierto en América Latina?”, G. Couffignal; G. A. De La Reza (ed.) Los procesos de integración en América La-tina: enfoques y perspectivas, Instituto de Estudios Latinoamericanos, Stockholm, pp. 131-150.
<li>Green, M. J.; B. Gill; J. Green (2010), Asia’s New Multilateralism: Cooperation, Competi-tion, and the Search for Community, Columbia University Press, New York.
<li>Guerra-Borges, A. (2002), Globalización e integración latinoamericana, Instituto de Investi-gaciones Económicas, UNAM – Siglo XXI Editores, México D. F.
<li>Hudec, R. E. y J. D. Southwick (1999), “Regionalism and WTO Rules: Problems in the Fine Art of Discriminating Fairly”, M. Rodriguez, P. Low; B. Kotschwar (ed.) Trade Rules in the Making. Challenges in Regional and Multilateral Negotiations, Brook-ings Institution Press, Washington D. C.
<li>Hufbauer, G. C.; J. J. Schott (1994), Western Hemisphere Economic Integration, Institute for International Economics, Washington D. C.
<li>INTAL (2009), Informe Mercosur. Periodo 2007-2008, Instituto para la Integración de Amé-rica Latina, Informe, No. 13, Buenos Aires.
<li>Kali, R.; J. Reyes (2007), “The Architecture of Globalization: A Network Approach to Inter-national Economic Integration”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 38, No. 4, International Expansion of Emerging Market Businesses, pp. 595-620.
<li>Kennan, J.; R. Riezman (1990), “Optimal Tariff Equilibria with Customs Unions”, Canadian Journal of Economics, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 70-83.
<li>Kitamura, H. (1964), La teoría económica y la integración económica de las regiones subde-sarrolladas, Fondo de Cultura Económica, México D. F.
<li>Kono, D. Y. (2007), “When Do Trade Blocs Block Trade?”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 165-181.
<li>Kozolchyk, B. (1996), El Derecho Comercial ante el libre comercio y el desarrollo económi-co, McGraw-Hill, México D. F.
<li>Krugman, P. (1991a), “Is Bilateralism Bad?”, en: E. Helpman; A. Razin (ed.) International Trade and Trade Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, Cambridge.
<li>Krugman, P. (1991b), “The Move Toward Free Trade Zones”, Economic Review, Federal Re-serve Bank of Kansas City, pp. 5-25.
<li>Krugman, P. (1993), “Regionalism versus Multilateralism: Analytic Notes”, en: J. de Melo; A. Panagariya (ed.) New Dimensions in Regional Integration, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
<li>Kuwayama, M. (1999), “Open Regionalism in Asia Pacific and Latin America: A Survey of the Literature” Serie Comercio Internacional (LC/L.1299-P) CEPAL, Santiago de Chile.
<li>Lawrence, R. Z. (1996), Regionalism, Multilateralism and Deeper Integration, The Brookings Institution, Washington D. C.
<li>Limão, N. (2007), “Are Preferential Trade Agreements with Non-trade Objectives a Stum-bling Block for Multilateral Liberalization?” Review of Economic Studies, No. 74, pp. 821–855.
<li>Lombaerde, Ph. De, et al. (2010), “The problem of comparison in comparative regionalism”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 731-753.
<li>López, C.; A. J. Soler (1998), “Open Regionalism versus Discriminatory Trading Agree-ments”, ASEAN Economic Bulletin, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 45-62.
<li>Marconini, M. (2010), “Los servicios en los acuerdos regionales entre países de América La-tina y países desarrollados”, Temas controversiales en negociaciones comerciales
<li>Norte-Sur, Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, agosto, Santiago de Chile, pp. 59-96.
<li>Michalak, W.; R. Gibb (1997), “Trading Blocs and Multilateralism in the World Economy”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 87, No. 2, pp. 264-279.
<li>Mistry, P. S. (1995), “Open Regionalism: Stepping Stone or Millstone Toward and Improved Multilateral System?”, en: J. J. Teunissen (ed.) Regionalism and the Global Econo-my: The Case of Latin America and the Caribbean, FONDAD, Hague.
<li>Mongelli, F. P.; E. Dorrucci; I. Agur (2007), “¿Qué nos dice la integración de Europa en rela-ción con la integración comercial?”, Integración y Comercio, BID-INTAL, No. 26, pp. 159-210.
<li>Mundell, R. A. (1964), “Tariff Preferences and The Terms of Trade”, The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, Vol. 32, pp. 1-13.
<li>Nordstrom, H. (1995), “Customs Unions, Regional Trading Blocs and Welfare”, en: R. Baldwin; P. Haaparanta; J. Kiander (ed.) Expanding Membership of the Europe-an Union, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
<li>OMC (2008), Profils tarifaires dans le monde 2008, Centre de commerce international et Conférence des Nations Unies sur le Commerce et le Développement, Genève.
<li>Palacios, J. J. (1995), “El nuevo regionalismo latinoamericano: el futuro de los acuerdos de libre comercio”, Comercio Exterior, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 295-302.
<li>Pelkmans, J. (1993), “Comparando las integraciones económicas: prerrequisitos, opciones e implicaciones”, Integración latino-americana, BID-INTAL, No. 191, pp. 3-17.
<li>Primo Braga, C. A. (1994), “The New Regionalism and Its Consequences”, SecM94-234, World Bank, International Economics Department, August.
<li>Powers K.; G. Goertz (2011), “The Economic-Institutional Construction of Regions: Concep-tualisation and Operationalisation”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 2387-2416.
<li>Reynolds, C. W.; F. E. Thoumi; R. Wettmann (1993), A Case for Open Regionalism in the Andes: Policy Implications of Andean Integration in a Period of Hemispheric Libe-ralization and Structural Adjustment, Agency for International Development (USID), Washington D. C.
<li>Richardson, M. (1993), “Endogenous Protection and Trade Diversion”, Journal of Interna-tional Economics, Vol. 34, No. 3-4, pp. 309-324.
<li>Salama, P. (2006), Le défi des inégalités. Amérique latine – Asie: une comparaison écono-mique, Editions la Découverte, Paris.
<li>Sampson, G. (1996), “Compatibility of Regional and Multilateral Trading Agreements: Re-forming the WTO Process”, American Economic Review, Vol. 86, No. 2, pp. 88-92.
<li>Schiff, M.; Y. Wang; M. Olarreaga (2002), “Trade-Related Technology Diffusion and the Dynamics of North-South and South-South integration”, Documento de trabajo so-bre investigación de políticas, No. 2861, Banque Mondiale, Washington D. C.
<li>Schiff, M.; L. A. Winters (2004), Integración regional y desarrollo, Banco Mundial y Al-faomega, Bogotá.
<li>Schmitter, Ph. C. (2010), “La experiencia de la integración europea y el potencial para la in-tegración en otras regiones”, Foro Internacional, Vol. 50, No. 3-4 (201-202), pp. 724-751.
<li>Schott, J. J. (2001), Prospects for Free Trade in the Americas, Institute for International Eco-nomics, Washington D. C.
<li>Shibata, H. (1971), “A Theory of Free Trade Areas”, P. Robson (ed.), International Economic Integration, Penguin Books, Harmandsworth.
<li>Tussie, D. (2009), “Latin America: Contrasting Motivations for Regional Projects”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 35, pp. 169-188.
<li>Viner, J. (1950), Customs Union Issue, Carnegie Endowment, Washington D. C.
<li>Wilcox, C. (1949), A Chart for World Trade, McMillan, New York.
<li>Wioncsek, M. S. (1964), Condiciones de una integración viable, Fondo de Cultura Económi-ca, Buenos Aires.
</ul>
<li>Bachellerie, A., J. Hericourt; V. Mignon (2010), “L’intégration commerciale est-elle une con-dition préalable à l’intégration financière?”, Revue économique, Vol. 61, No. 3, pp. 477-487.
<li>Baier, S. L., J. H. Bergstrand; P. Egger (2007), “El nuevo regionalismo: causas y consecuen-cias”, Integración y Comercio, BID-INTAL, No. 26, pp. 9-32.
<li>Balassa, B. (1961), The Theory of Economic Integration, Richard D. Irwin, Illinois.
<li>Ben-David, D. (1993), “Equalizing Exchange: Trade Liberalization and Economic Conver-gence”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 3, No. 108, pp. 653-679.
<li>Bergsten, C. F. (1997), “Open Regionalism”, The World Economy, Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 545-565.
<li>Bhagwati, J. (1993), “Regionalism and Multilateralism: An Overview”, en: J. Melo; A. Pa-nagariya (ed.) New Dimensions in Regional Integration, Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 82-87.
<li>Bulmer-Thomas, V. (1998), “The Central American Common Market: From Closed to Open Regionalism”, World Development, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 313-322.
<li>Carlo, J.; W. Perroni (1996), “How Severe is Global Retaliation Risk Under Increasing Re-gionalism?”, The American Economic Review, mayo, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 57-61.
<li>Carranza, M. E. (2000), South American Free Trade Area or Free Trade of the Americas? Open Regionalism and the Future of Regional Economic Integration in South Ame-rica, Ashgate, Aldershot.
<li>CEPAL (1994), El regionalismo abierto en América Latina y el Caribe. La integración eco-nómica al servicio de la transformación productiva con equidad (LC/G.1801-SES.25/4), Santiago de Chile.
<li>CEPAL (2011), United States Trade Developments 2010-2011, Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (LC/WAS/L.118), diciembre, Washington D. C.
<li>Chen, M. X.; A. Mattoo (2008), “Regionalism in Standards: Good or Bad for Trade?”, The Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue canadienne d’Économie, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 838-863.
<li>De la Reza, G. (2010), Les nouveaux défis de l’intégration en Amérique latine, Recherches Amériques Latines, L’Harmattan, Paris.
<li>Dembicz, A. (1994), “Estudios latinoamericanos hacia el 2000, ¿amenazas?, desafíos, expec-tativas”, Actas Latinoamericanas de Varsovia, t. 16, Warszawa, pp. 9-20.
<li>Destradi, S. (2010), “Regional Powers and Their Strategies: Empire, Hegemony, and Leader-ship”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 903-930.
<li>Devlin, R.; A. Estevadeordal (2001), “What’s New in the New Regionalism in the Ameri-cas?”, Working Paper 6, INTAL-ITD-STA, Buenos Aires.
<li>Ethier, W. J. (2001), “The New Regionalism in the Americas: A Theoretical Framework”, North American Journal of Economics and Finance, No. 12, pp. 159-172.
<li>Fawn, R. (2009), Globalizing the Regional: Regionalizing the Global, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
<li>Frankel, J. A.; S. Wei (1998), “Open Regionalism in a World of Continental Blocs”, Working Paper, Fondo Monetario Internacional, WP/98/10.
<li>Freud, C. L. (1998), “Regionalism and Permanent Diversion”, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, International Finance Discussion Papers, No. 602.
<li>Fuentes, J. A. (1996), “¿Del bilateralismo al regionalismo abierto en América Latina?”, G. Couffignal; G. A. De La Reza (ed.) Los procesos de integración en América La-tina: enfoques y perspectivas, Instituto de Estudios Latinoamericanos, Stockholm, pp. 131-150.
<li>Green, M. J.; B. Gill; J. Green (2010), Asia’s New Multilateralism: Cooperation, Competi-tion, and the Search for Community, Columbia University Press, New York.
<li>Guerra-Borges, A. (2002), Globalización e integración latinoamericana, Instituto de Investi-gaciones Económicas, UNAM – Siglo XXI Editores, México D. F.
<li>Hudec, R. E. y J. D. Southwick (1999), “Regionalism and WTO Rules: Problems in the Fine Art of Discriminating Fairly”, M. Rodriguez, P. Low; B. Kotschwar (ed.) Trade Rules in the Making. Challenges in Regional and Multilateral Negotiations, Brook-ings Institution Press, Washington D. C.
<li>Hufbauer, G. C.; J. J. Schott (1994), Western Hemisphere Economic Integration, Institute for International Economics, Washington D. C.
<li>INTAL (2009), Informe Mercosur. Periodo 2007-2008, Instituto para la Integración de Amé-rica Latina, Informe, No. 13, Buenos Aires.
<li>Kali, R.; J. Reyes (2007), “The Architecture of Globalization: A Network Approach to Inter-national Economic Integration”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 38, No. 4, International Expansion of Emerging Market Businesses, pp. 595-620.
<li>Kennan, J.; R. Riezman (1990), “Optimal Tariff Equilibria with Customs Unions”, Canadian Journal of Economics, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 70-83.
<li>Kitamura, H. (1964), La teoría económica y la integración económica de las regiones subde-sarrolladas, Fondo de Cultura Económica, México D. F.
<li>Kono, D. Y. (2007), “When Do Trade Blocs Block Trade?”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 165-181.
<li>Kozolchyk, B. (1996), El Derecho Comercial ante el libre comercio y el desarrollo económi-co, McGraw-Hill, México D. F.
<li>Krugman, P. (1991a), “Is Bilateralism Bad?”, en: E. Helpman; A. Razin (ed.) International Trade and Trade Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, Cambridge.
<li>Krugman, P. (1991b), “The Move Toward Free Trade Zones”, Economic Review, Federal Re-serve Bank of Kansas City, pp. 5-25.
<li>Krugman, P. (1993), “Regionalism versus Multilateralism: Analytic Notes”, en: J. de Melo; A. Panagariya (ed.) New Dimensions in Regional Integration, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
<li>Kuwayama, M. (1999), “Open Regionalism in Asia Pacific and Latin America: A Survey of the Literature” Serie Comercio Internacional (LC/L.1299-P) CEPAL, Santiago de Chile.
<li>Lawrence, R. Z. (1996), Regionalism, Multilateralism and Deeper Integration, The Brookings Institution, Washington D. C.
<li>Limão, N. (2007), “Are Preferential Trade Agreements with Non-trade Objectives a Stum-bling Block for Multilateral Liberalization?” Review of Economic Studies, No. 74, pp. 821–855.
<li>Lombaerde, Ph. De, et al. (2010), “The problem of comparison in comparative regionalism”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 731-753.
<li>López, C.; A. J. Soler (1998), “Open Regionalism versus Discriminatory Trading Agree-ments”, ASEAN Economic Bulletin, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 45-62.
<li>Marconini, M. (2010), “Los servicios en los acuerdos regionales entre países de América La-tina y países desarrollados”, Temas controversiales en negociaciones comerciales
<li>Norte-Sur, Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, agosto, Santiago de Chile, pp. 59-96.
<li>Michalak, W.; R. Gibb (1997), “Trading Blocs and Multilateralism in the World Economy”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 87, No. 2, pp. 264-279.
<li>Mistry, P. S. (1995), “Open Regionalism: Stepping Stone or Millstone Toward and Improved Multilateral System?”, en: J. J. Teunissen (ed.) Regionalism and the Global Econo-my: The Case of Latin America and the Caribbean, FONDAD, Hague.
<li>Mongelli, F. P.; E. Dorrucci; I. Agur (2007), “¿Qué nos dice la integración de Europa en rela-ción con la integración comercial?”, Integración y Comercio, BID-INTAL, No. 26, pp. 159-210.
<li>Mundell, R. A. (1964), “Tariff Preferences and The Terms of Trade”, The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, Vol. 32, pp. 1-13.
<li>Nordstrom, H. (1995), “Customs Unions, Regional Trading Blocs and Welfare”, en: R. Baldwin; P. Haaparanta; J. Kiander (ed.) Expanding Membership of the Europe-an Union, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
<li>OMC (2008), Profils tarifaires dans le monde 2008, Centre de commerce international et Conférence des Nations Unies sur le Commerce et le Développement, Genève.
<li>Palacios, J. J. (1995), “El nuevo regionalismo latinoamericano: el futuro de los acuerdos de libre comercio”, Comercio Exterior, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 295-302.
<li>Pelkmans, J. (1993), “Comparando las integraciones económicas: prerrequisitos, opciones e implicaciones”, Integración latino-americana, BID-INTAL, No. 191, pp. 3-17.
<li>Primo Braga, C. A. (1994), “The New Regionalism and Its Consequences”, SecM94-234, World Bank, International Economics Department, August.
<li>Powers K.; G. Goertz (2011), “The Economic-Institutional Construction of Regions: Concep-tualisation and Operationalisation”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 2387-2416.
<li>Reynolds, C. W.; F. E. Thoumi; R. Wettmann (1993), A Case for Open Regionalism in the Andes: Policy Implications of Andean Integration in a Period of Hemispheric Libe-ralization and Structural Adjustment, Agency for International Development (USID), Washington D. C.
<li>Richardson, M. (1993), “Endogenous Protection and Trade Diversion”, Journal of Interna-tional Economics, Vol. 34, No. 3-4, pp. 309-324.
<li>Salama, P. (2006), Le défi des inégalités. Amérique latine – Asie: une comparaison écono-mique, Editions la Découverte, Paris.
<li>Sampson, G. (1996), “Compatibility of Regional and Multilateral Trading Agreements: Re-forming the WTO Process”, American Economic Review, Vol. 86, No. 2, pp. 88-92.
<li>Schiff, M.; Y. Wang; M. Olarreaga (2002), “Trade-Related Technology Diffusion and the Dynamics of North-South and South-South integration”, Documento de trabajo so-bre investigación de políticas, No. 2861, Banque Mondiale, Washington D. C.
<li>Schiff, M.; L. A. Winters (2004), Integración regional y desarrollo, Banco Mundial y Al-faomega, Bogotá.
<li>Schmitter, Ph. C. (2010), “La experiencia de la integración europea y el potencial para la in-tegración en otras regiones”, Foro Internacional, Vol. 50, No. 3-4 (201-202), pp. 724-751.
<li>Schott, J. J. (2001), Prospects for Free Trade in the Americas, Institute for International Eco-nomics, Washington D. C.
<li>Shibata, H. (1971), “A Theory of Free Trade Areas”, P. Robson (ed.), International Economic Integration, Penguin Books, Harmandsworth.
<li>Tussie, D. (2009), “Latin America: Contrasting Motivations for Regional Projects”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 35, pp. 169-188.
<li>Viner, J. (1950), Customs Union Issue, Carnegie Endowment, Washington D. C.
<li>Wilcox, C. (1949), A Chart for World Trade, McMillan, New York.
<li>Wioncsek, M. S. (1964), Condiciones de una integración viable, Fondo de Cultura Económi-ca, Buenos Aires.
</ul>
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2013-12-09
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